Tuesday 15 August 2017

THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE


The following is the abstraction of a  topic currently featured in V.H. Ironside, Behold! I Teach You Superman.


            “Behold, a river that floweth back unto its source in many windings!”
Nietzsche
                 We cannot get around the riddle of creation, no matter what. Identify the supreme reality with the supreme objective, however, and all else follows naturally. The strongest clue, and perhaps part of the answer, lies in the fact that after the Singularity the future becomes a consequence of the past. A minute change in the initial conditions can make a very substantial difference to subsequent results, admittedly, but the future will still be the product of an initial number of mutually dependent variables.
            We can see this easily if we imagine a standard cosmic phenomenon: the Eclipse (to use a
pliable analogy).  Rather than listing the various ecliptic possibilities, such as annual, partial, total, solar, lunar etc., let me say that the interception of a luminous body by the interposition of another body between itself and the eye of the observer, is what constitutes an eclipse. Without the observer, there would be no acknowledgment. As in the case of a total eclipse, such as that of the Sun for instance, it would be seen along a narrow band called the band of totality. Outside this band the screening of the Sun by the Moon when seen from the Earth is only partial. But either way, it has to be so aligned in order to qualify as an eclipse.
            Now, all these effects can be calculated in detail. Extrapolations, in other words, can be directed backwards to determine previous eclipses. Conversely, predictions can be made with a view to future eclipses. This may seem obvious, even self-evident. The point, however, is that although the notion of a trajectory implies clear knowledge of its progression, the eclipse only comes into existence at the moment that we observe it, i.e., when the alignment is complete. The act of observation, in other words, has not only created the eclipse but its complete and entire past.
            It may seem ludicrous to claim that the eclipse actually antedates the causal conditions it appears to initiate. But my own view, from this perspective, is that unless lodged firmly in the sense data of intelligent observation, any such alignment is devoid of meaning. That it hinges on one’s ability to reverse-engineer its past as one would the backward movement of a clock. For it is at this point alone that we are able to determine what the initial conditions of our evolving universe might actually have looked like. And this becomes obvious when one imagines the Eclipse as a causal description of our knowledge, so that if our knowledge is modified in any way, the past too is bound to retro-activate and assimilate.
            In obvious ways, and allowing for the great differences in scale and structure, this metaphor parallels the past performance of a subatomic particle which is  not defined until a measurement has been made. Because of the inherent uncertainty of all the parameters describing a particle’s activities, Heisenberg  held that  both the past and the future were unknowable, and that “the path comes into existence only when we observe it”. Paul Davies called it ‘the feedback loop,’ with its mandatory reflection on the retroactive importance of cause and effect. The Danish physicist Holger Bech Nielsen refers to it as “a formula for which the history of the universe, in agreement with the equation or motion (in this case, with the present or future), is going to be selected as the one that is realised.” For without so counter-effective an extrapolation backward to the microphysical processes of the early universe,  it may mean, simply, an imaginary event which is ideally but not literally true, residing only in the consciousness of some mind whose supremacy is undoubted but not easily defined. Berkeley called it the mind of God. His
solution was an ingenious one.
            And God, of course, is precisely the reason for introducing the ecliptic analogy; here  intended in the conceptual sense as an ocular allegory for the missing ‘selection criterion’ and the only plausible explanation of why the universe is the way it is. For the implication is clear, unless lodged firmly in the sense data of intelligent perception, any planetary or ecliptic alignment is devoid of meaning - as is “the flash on a zinc-sulfide screen on some faraway planet where there is no life,” (John Wheeler); unless of course, frozen in a moment of history,  it is “brought to a close by an irreversible act of amplification.”[1] Not everyone agrees, but you may as well conclude at this point that the ‘act’ of human observation sends a signal not just across space but also across time back to the moment when the lone ‘irrelative’ atom was first released, determining which history it went into. For the simple fact of the matter is that the act of observation has not only created the universe but its complete and entire history, and it is nonsense to assume that, and I quote, “the universe existed for fourteen billion years before we arrived, and will continue exactly as before after we have disappeared.”[2] Nonsense, I repeat, precisely because on this scale of reciprocity, and therefore on this scale of power to affect and be affected by the future,  the perception of the past is not a property that functions as an alternative to, nor  independent of the future.
            Let’s face it, things are animate only because of the way the mind interacts with matter, and we cannot even begin to distinguish their outlines until we discover ways of representing them. Or to
put it another way, it is only once we are imposing a mental structure upon the world of chaos that we can commence to activate its features. Features which exist in nature in the same potential sense as an unlimited number of prospective sculptures may exist in a slab of Carrara marble. But until the means to carve them out have been discovered, they are, I’m afraid, potential rather than actual.
More to the point:
It's the other way round!
            To some, then, God still preconditions the mind of the observer. And given the rigidity of the medium, it is a fascinating composition. Yet, logic can rarely bring itself to ignore loose ends. Whereas innumerable universes exist within the multiverse in the same contingent sense as an unlimited number of potential ecliptic trajectories may exist, untraced, unseen, and unnoticed, say, in some far corner of the Continuum, human perceptions are selective. They delete some universes and amplify others. And whilst one might agree with the observation  that “the outcome of all this is that the successful universes would be those with such conditions as would allow full development including the production of life and the evolution of intelligence,”[3] my own view is that it’s the other way round. That it is not the conclusion which is wrong but the premise that “the universe could have been made in many ways but it is only in this one that we would come to exist.” And not because there are no successful alternative universes per se, but because intelligent discrimination is a fundamental requirement for their existence - not because there is no machine, but because there is no ghost.

One of the best attested if most improbable of illusions....



[1] Quoted in J. Bernstein, Quantum Profiles. Opus cit. p. 131/132
[2] Michael Frayn. Quoted in CULTURE p. 46, The Sunday Times 17.09.2006
[3] C. A. Ronan, The Natural History of the Universe. Opus cit. p. 186
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VH Ironside is the author of  the fabled The Willers of the Will, first published in 1996, now out of print!

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